“The issue of Race in the Cuban Spanish-American and Cuban Independence  Wars: Jose Marti/ Antonio Maceo/ Juan Gualberto Gómez”

Jose Marti is considered Cuba’s National Hero, but lived in NYC as well as Cuba; Antonio Maceo also was self-exiled and returned to Cuba for the War of Cuban Liberation when his troops, mostly Afro-Cubans on horseback invaded western Cuba; Juan Gualberto Gomez was another Afro-Cuban ally of Jose Marti, but lived for another 40 years as a journalist-politician after the deaths of Marti and Maceo.